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Using Advanced Search Operators
Proximity operators
With proximity operators you can determine a set distance and order in which your search terms should appear. The most common proximity operators are Near and Adjacent, but phrase search is also a common proximity operator.
There are many variants in spelling and meaning depending on the search system you are using, so always use the available help options. Below you find some examples.
| Connector |
What it does |
Example |
| ADJ or ADJACENT |
The terms must be adjacent to each other, and in most systems also in the order typed |
environmental ADJ problems |
| NEAR |
The terms are in a certain distance of each other, in either direction |
law NEAR durability |
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ADJx
NEARx
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Appending a number to the operators NEAR and ADJ determines the maximum permitted distance between terms
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electricity ADJ3 circuit |
| SAME |
All terms appear in the same record field |
wood SAME plastics (in e.g. Title field) |
| WITH |
All terms appear in the same sentence |
best WITH practices |
Nesting (brackets)
When using different Boolean operators in one search string, you may need to apply brackets (parentheses). With nesting, you can indicate the relationships between search terms.
Most search systems process the Boolean operator AND before processing any other operators. You can use parentheses to force a different order or simply to make sure that the search is processed in the order that you want it to be!
Example:
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(television OR monitor) AND display
will retrieve documents containing the terms "television" and "display", but also documents containing "monitor" and "display".
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television OR monitor AND display
will retrieve documents containing the terms "television" and documents that contain both "monitor" and "display".
Quick reference
| TU Delft Library catalogue |
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- Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT
- Both ? and * replace any number of characters
- Use # for multi-character variant spellings: e.g. colo#r
- Use ! for single character spelling variations, e.g. wom!n
- Select 'Yes' below the search box for Adjacent
- Use %x for terms to appear within a specific distance from each other, regardless of the order of appearance
- Use !x to also determine that they appear in the same order as you entered the terms
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| TU Delft Library discover |
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- Discover supports both intuitive Google-like queries and formal boolean queries.
It is not advised to mix these two methods
- Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT
- Google-like: + and -
- Change precedence by using parentheses, e.g.: (word1 OR word2) AND word3
- By default, typing in word1 word2 word3 translates to: word1 AND word2 AND word3
- Use asterisk (*) to truncate right, Wildcard options will become available in a next version of Discover
- Use "quotes" for phrase search
- Field search labels: author=, title=, year=, abstract= word(s) in the abstract or summary, toc= word(s) in the table of contents, topic= keyword or thesaurus terms, type= document type, publisher= publisher's name
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| Web of Science |
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- Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT
- Use * for zero to many characters
- Use ? for one character, ?? for two characters
- Use $ for one or no characters
- Enter words or phrases without quotation marks
- Use SAME for all terms to appear in the same record field
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| Inspec |
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- Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT
- Use * for zero to many characters
- Use ? for one character or none
- Use WITH for all terms to appear in the same record
- Use NEARx for all terms to appear in the same sentence
- Use IN for all terms to appear in the same field
- USE ADJ to retrieve results with terms adjacent, ADJx to determine adjacency distance
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Google Scholar Google Scholar supports most of the advanced operators in Google web search
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- The + operator makes sure your results include common words, letters or numbers that Google's search technology generally ignores, as in [+de knuth]
- The - operator excludes all results that include this search term, as in [flowers -author:flowers]
- Phrase search only returns results that include this exact phrase, as in ["as you like it"]
- The OR operator returns results that include either of your search terms, as in [stock call OR put]
- The intitle: operator as in [intitle:mars] only returns results that include your search term in the document's title
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